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2019 Math Kangaroo

Problem 19

Problem 19 · 2019 Math Kangaroo Hard
Algebra & Patterns estimate-and-picksubstitution

What is the biggest integer smaller than \(\sqrt{20 + \sqrt{20 + \sqrt{20 + \sqrt{20 + \sqrt{20}}}}}\)?

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Answer: A — 4
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Hint 1 of 2
If the nesting went on forever, the value would be just slightly larger than this finite one.
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Hint 2 of 2
Solve \(x = \sqrt{20 + x}\) for the limiting value, then note the finite version is a little smaller and take its floor.
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Approach: compare the nested radical with its infinite limit
  1. If the nesting continued forever, the value \(x\) would satisfy \(x = \sqrt{20 + x}\), i.e. \(x^2 - x - 20 = 0\), giving \(x = 5\).
  2. The actual expression has only finitely many layers, so it is strictly less than 5.
  3. Numerically it is about \(4.99995\), so the biggest integer smaller than it is 4.
  4. Answer (A) 4.
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