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2009 Math Kangaroo

Problem 22

Problem 22 · 2009 Math Kangaroo Stretch
Counting & Probability divisibilitycareful-counting

Let Z be the number of 8-digit numbers that are made up of all different digits, none equal to 0. How many of those numbers are divisible by 9?

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Answer: CZ9
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Hint 1 of 2
By symmetry, the eight-digit numbers split evenly by their remainder when divided by 9.
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Hint 2 of 2
Figure out how many of the nine possible remainders these numbers can have, then take the equal share.
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Approach: split the count evenly across remainders mod 9
  1. Each number uses eight distinct nonzero digits; permuting digits spreads the values evenly over the nine remainders mod 9.
  2. So exactly one ninth of them are divisible by 9.
  3. That share is Z/9.
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