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2024 Math Kangaroo

Problem 6

Problem 6 · 2024 Math Kangaroo Medium
Counting & Probability casework

Kaito has manipulated a die. The probabilities of rolling a 2, 3, 4 or 5 are still 16 each, but the probability of rolling a 6 is now twice the probability of rolling a 1. What is the probability of rolling a 6?

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Answer: D29
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Hint 1 of 2
The four fair faces use up a fixed total probability, leaving the rest for faces 1 and 6.
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Hint 2 of 2
Let P(1) be unknown, write P(6) = 2·P(1), and use that all six probabilities add to 1.
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Approach: use that all probabilities sum to 1
  1. Faces 2,3,4,5 each have probability 1/6, totalling 4/6 = 2/3.
  2. So P(1) + P(6) = 1 − 2/3 = 1/3.
  3. With P(6) = 2·P(1): 3·P(1) = 1/3, so P(1) = 1/9 and P(6) = 2/9.
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